The Ultimate Guide to Angelfish: Care, Breeding, and Compatibility17 min read

Last Updated on February 19, 2025 by Falcone Dulce

The underwater world is full of beauty and charm; one of its beautiful star is the angelfish. Along with being the highlight of aquariums, these breathtaking fishes can also be found swimming gracefully over tropical coral reefs. Many aquatic enthusiasts appreciate breathtaking landscapes of nature because the angelfish comes in a wide variety of shapes and colours. This article will cover everything there is to know about angelfish, including their care and breeding. Keep reading to understand why these creatures are so magnificent.

What Are Angelfish?

Angelfishes are beautiful freshwater fishes that belong to the family Cichlidae, which is well-known for its wide range of colourful and exotic species. Among this group of fishes, the angelfish is popular with amateur aquarists for its beauty, together with quite simple manageable care requirements.

Classification and Species

Within the family Cichlidae, there is a number of well-known species of angelfish that are:

Species Name	Common Name	Description	Size
Pterophyllum scalare	Common Angelfish	The most popular species in the aquarium trade, recognized for its silver body with dark vertical stripes.	Typically 6 inches (15 cm), can reach up to 12 inches (30 cm) in optimal conditions.
Pterophyllum leopoldi	Leopold Angelfish	Known for its slender body and pronounced black patterns, adding variety to the angelfish family.	Size varies, generally smaller than P. scalare.
Pterophyllum altum	Altum Angelfish	Larger and more elongated, often displaying a silver hue with dark stripes.	Can grow larger than 6 inches (15 cm).

Physical Characteristics

Angelfish show a variety of beautiful colours, such as:

• Silver: The most common coloration, often with dark vertical stripes.
• Black: Solid black or featuring contrasting white or silver markings.
• Gold: Bright yellow or golden hues.
• Marble: A mix of colors creating a marbled effect, including black, white, and gold.
• Koi: Resembling koi fish, these angelfish have a distinctive pattern of orange, white, and black.

These differences in colouration facilitate beauty enhancement, as well as some species identification or hybridisation within the angelfish family.

Natural Habitat

The main distribution area of the angelfish is the southern region of South America. In particular, it inhabits the basin of the Amazon River. Here, these fish prefer slow waters full of rich vegetation which provides them with shelter and spawning areas. They also inhabit the Orinoco River and some flooded forests, where sharp sunlight penetrates the tree crown, forming a comfortable habitat.

Preferred Plants

Angelfish decorate the aquarium with their beauty. In the wild, these fish prefer a host of aquatic plants that serve as shelter, breeding areas, and hiding places. Some of such plants are:

Preferred Plant	Description
Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus)	A hardy plant that grows well in low light and offers excellent cover for angelfish.
Anubias	Known for its thick leaves, this resilient plant provides good hiding spaces for angelfish.
Amazon Sword (Echinodorus spp.)	A popular choice with broad leaves that create a lush environment, ideal for angelfish.
Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)	A floating plant that offers cover and helps oxygenate the water, enhancing the overall aquarium health.
Vallisneria	Features long, ribbon-like leaves that provide vertical structure for hiding, making it perfect for angelfish.

Preferred Lighting

Angelfish exhibit certain behavioural activities related to light in their environment. Angelfish usually dwell in regions with light spots or filtered light typical of the forest understory, where sunlight slowly comes through the leaves. Furthermore, direct sunlight is too bright for them, thus moderate lighting that simulates natural conditions is preferable. In addition, very often angelfish have the need to hide under plants or among submerged objects, which provide them with a feeling of safety. This combination of light preferences and needs of the angelfish and the adequate environment are essential for the welfare and behavioural patterns of the angelfish.

The Introduction and Spread of Angelfish as Aquarium Fish

Angelfish have long captivated aquarists with their striking beauty and graceful movements. The appearance of angelfish into the aquarium was a milestone event for aquarists and ornamental fishkeepers. Starting in the 20th century, angelfish were first kept as pets. Enclosed below is their history and timeline of introduction and popularisation:

• Early 1900s: Angelfish, particularly Pterophyllum scalare, were first imported from South America to Europe—specifically Germany—in 1909, and subsequently to the United States in 1915 for the aquarium trade.
• 1920s-1930s: Their popularity grew in Europe and North America as aquarists began breeding them in captivity, leading to the development of various color morphs and varieties.
• Mid-20th Century: Angelfish spread to other parts of the world, including Asia, as the global aquarium hobby expanded. Breeders in countries like Japan and Thailand began producing their own varieties.
• 21st Century: Today, angelfish are kept as pets worldwide, with a thriving market for both wild-caught and captive-bred specimens. They are particularly popular in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Setting Up an Angelfish Aquarium

Once you understand the natural habitat where angelfish live, it becomes imperative to assume the responsibility of creating an aquarium that meets their requirements. The particular needs angelfish have regarding water quality, temperature, and the specific environment have a major impact on their health and behaviour. Habitat construction entails thoughtful decisions about aquarium dimensions, the filtration system, the type of decorations, and if live plants will be placed inside the aquarium. Continue reading; we will analyse how to set up an aquarium appropriate for angelfish to ensure they thrive and display their vivid beauty.

Choosing the Right Tank

Fish tanks for angelfish should be selected carefully. The right fish tank will enable the angelfish to grow more healthily, stabilise the water conditions, accommodate the angelfish’s aggressive nature, and allow for additional decorations and plants to be incorporated in the fish tank.

Here are key factors to keep in mind:

1. Tank Size

Minimum Size: A tank of at least 20 gallons (75 liters) is recommended for a small group of angelfish. This size provides enough space for them to swim and establish a social hierarchy, reducing stress.

Larger Tanks: For a breeding pair or multiple individuals, consider a tank of 30 gallons (113 liters) or more to provide adequate space. More space allows for territorial behavior during breeding and provides room for the fish to spread out, minimizing aggression.

2. Shape

Tall Tanks: Angelfish are vertical swimmers, so taller tanks are preferable. A taller tank mimics their natural habitat, allowing them to swim freely and comfortably.

3. Filtration

Good Filtration System: Use a quality filtration system to maintain water quality, as angelfish are sensitive to poor water conditions. Effective filtration helps remove waste and toxins, ensuring a healthy environment.

Avoid Strong Currents: Ensure the filter doesn’t create strong currents, as angelfish prefer calmer waters. Strong currents can stress them and hinder their ability to swim comfortably.

4. Heater

Reliable Heater: Since angelfish thrive in warmer waters, a reliable heater is essential to maintain the ideal temperature range. Stable temperatures promote their health and prevent stress.

5. Aquascaping

Include plenty of live plants, driftwood, and decorations to provide shelter and create a natural environment. This setup mimics their native habitat, reducing stress and allowing them to exhibit natural behaviors.

6. Cover

Tank Lid: Use a lid or cover to prevent fish from jumping out, as angelfish can be curious and may leap. A cover ensures their safety and prevents accidental escapes, maintaining the integrity of your aquarium setup.

How to Decorate a Fish Tank

Creating a fresh fish tank involves constructing an environment that is both attractive and suitable for the fish you intend to keep. Below you will find some helpful tricks on decoration, aquatic plants, substrate options and care, particularly focused on angelfish:

Types of Decorations and Tips

Aquatic Plants: Java Fern, Anubias, Amazon Sword, Hornwort and Vallisneria. These plants were mentioned above in their preferred plants part.

Driftwood: Natural driftwood adds aesthetic appeal and creates hiding spots. Ensure it’s aquarium-safe and properly prepared before adding it to the tank.

Rocks and Caves:Use smooth stones or commercially available aquarium caves to provide additional hiding places for your fish.

Backgrounds:Consider adding a background to the tank for aesthetic purposes. This can be a solid color or a natural scene.

Substrate:

Arrangement Tips:

• Layering: Place larger decorations and plants at the back and sides of the tank, with smaller items in the front for depth.
• Open Spaces: Leave open swimming areas for angelfish, as they enjoy open water to swim.
• Natural Look: Aim for a natural aesthetic that mimics their habitat, incorporating various heights and textures.

Water Conditions

As is the case for feeding all types of fish, feeding angelfish also requires maintaining certain water parameters. These factors have an impact on the health of the fish, feeding motivation, and general well-being. Water quality, on the other hand, enhances the feeding experience and metabolic functions for the fish, without which it would be difficult for them to survive in an aquarium.

Temperature

The most favourable temperature for angelfish is from 76°F to 82°F (24°C to 28°C), which further supports their metabolism and digestion. With such temperature, the angelfish can process food with ease. On the other hand, when the water is too cold, the angelfish would be susceptible to a lowered metabolic rate, leading to poor digestion and greater chances of falling sick.

pH Value

Angelfish are best suited for slightly acidic to neutral waters with a pH value between 6.5 to 7.5. The range is acceptable for their health as it closely resembles the waters from which these species originate: the Amazon River basin.

How to change the water in Angelfish tank？

It is important to change the water in an angelfish tank regularly in order to maintain a healthy ecosystem. The following is a how-to guide:

Feeding

In order to maintain health and vigour in angelfish, it is important to provide the appropriate diet. The right food goes beyond fulfilling olfactory requirements; it also sustains ideal growth and increases activity levels. Given below is the chart for food type reference:

Food Type	Description
High-Quality Pellets	Sinking or floating pellets specifically formulated for angelfish or tropical fish.
Flakes	Flake food that is high in protein and suitable for angelfish.
Frozen or Live Foods	Supplement with frozen or live foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, and daphnia for protein.
Vegetables	Blanched vegetables like spinach, zucchini, or peas for added fiber.
Specialized Foods	Spirulina-based foods for added nutrients, especially for herbivorous varieties.

Feed Amount And Frequency

Only provide food that the angelfish will be able to consume in 2-3 minutes. If too much food is given, the water quality will deteriorate and health problems will arise. For the recommended portion, consider the size and weight.

Angelfish Size	Amount per Feeding	Weight (Approx.)
Small (1-2 inches)	1-2 pellets or flakes	5-10 grams
Medium (3-4 inches)	3-4 pellets or flakes	10-20 grams
Large (5 inches and above)	5-6 pellets or flakes	20-30 grams

For young and growing angelfish, general feeding frequency is 2-3 times per day. For adult angelfish, that will be once or twice each day.

Additional tips:

• Observe Eating Habits: Monitor how much your fish eat to adjust portions as needed.
• Variety: Rotate different types of food to ensure a balanced diet and keep your fish stimulated.
• Avoid Overfeeding: Always be cautious not to overfeed, as this can harm your fish and the tank’s water quality.

Behavior and Compatibility

An angelfish exhibits both social and territorial behaviour and often engages in competition and aggression.

Behaviors

Angelfish exhibit several behaviours that are essential for aquarists to learn. They can be quite aggressive, and during breeding, they claim and protect particular parts of the tank. This aggression is often directed towards food, space, and mate acquisition, and it is most pronounced in confined or crowded habitats. More often than not, aggressive behaviour will take the form of chasing or fin nipping, often done among males or during courtship. While angelfish do not usually predate adults of their own species, they will capture and eat juveniles or subdominant adults, especially when they are stressed or spawning.

How to Avoid Cannibalism

In order to avoid cannibalism, there are 6 aspects to consider:

• Tank Size: Provide a sufficiently large tank (at least 30 gallons) to reduce territorial disputes and give each fish space.
• Group Size: Keep angelfish in groups of at least 5-6 individuals to help distribute aggression and prevent bullying.
• Separate Breeding Pairs: Consider moving breeding pairs to a separate tank during the breeding process to mitigate aggression towards other fish.
• Provide Hiding Spots: Use plants, rocks, and decorations to create hiding spots for smaller or weaker fish to escape aggression.
• Monitor Tank Dynamics: Keep an eye on interactions between your angelfish and be prepared to separate aggressive individuals if necessary.
• Avoid Overcrowding: Ensure the tank isn’t overstocked, as this can lead to stress and increased aggression.

Suitable Tank Mates

When selecting tank mates for angelfish, consider their temperament and space needs. Angelfish can be territorial and may exhibit aggression, especially during breeding. Here are some common fish that are generally compatible:

Compatible Tank Mates	Description
Tetras
Neon Tetras	Small and peaceful, they coexist well with angelfish.
Cardinal Tetras	Slightly larger than neon tetras and also suitable.
Corydoras Catfish
Corydoras	Peaceful scavengers that help keep the substrate clean.
Gouramis
Dwarf Gourami	Generally peaceful and can share space with angelfish.
Rasboras
Harlequin Rasboras	Peaceful and social, well-suited for community tanks.
Rainbowfish
Boesemani Rainbowfish	Colorful and active, adaptable to similar water conditions.
Plecos
Bristlenose Pleco	A smaller species that helps with algae control and is usually non-aggressive.

Tips for Successful Co-Habitation

• Tank Size: Ensure the tank is large enough to provide ample space for all species (at least 30 gallons for community setups).
• Hiding Spots: Provide plenty of plants and decorations to create hiding spots and reduce stress.
• Monitor Behavior: Keep an eye on interactions, especially during feeding and breeding times.

Breeding

Angelfish usually become sexually mature between six to twelve months. Their body shape along with their breeding tubercles allows for easy recognition of males and females. Interestingly, angelfish tend to form monogamous couples for breeding. In order to guarantee that the fish will breed successfully, it is best to allow them to select their partners.

Throughout the breeding ritual, each partner will display courtship behaviour which consists of them swimming in close proximity, engaging in a versie form of synchronised swimming, and nipping at each other. Once a couple has made the decision to breed, they will search for the optimal place to deposit their eggs on a flat surface, leaving the female with options of a leaf or breeding cone. Females can lay between a hundred to a thousand eggs based on their size and overall health. Shortly after, the male fertilises the eggs within moments of the female depositing them.

Both parents guard and protect the eggs, generously fanning them with their fins to maintain proper water circulation and to prevent fungus growth. The eggs usually hatch after about 48 to 60 hours; however, this is variable depending on water temperature and conditions. The fry will remain attached to the substrate for a few days to absorb their yolk sacs. After becoming free-swimming, the parents defend the fry and may relocate them to different areas of the tank.

Once the fry are free-swimming, they must be fed small-sized types of food infusion or crushed flakes and baby brine shrimp to enhance growth. As the fry increase in size, it becomes important to separate them from the parents and/or other fish to reduce the risk of stress and cannibalism.

Breeding Tips

• Water Conditions: Maintain clean water with stable parameters (pH 6.5-7.5, temperature 78-82°F or 25-28°C) to encourage breeding.
• Diet: Provide a high-quality diet to the breeding pair to ensure they are healthy and strong, which will improve the chances of successful spawning.
• Breeding Setup: Consider using a breeding tank to give the pair a quiet space to spawn without disturbances from other fish.

How long do angelfish live?

Angelfish typically have a lifespan of 10 to 15 years when kept in a well-maintained aquarium. However, with optimal care, some angelfish can live even longer, reaching up to 20 years or more.

Factors Affecting Lifespan

• Water Quality: Consistently clean and well-maintained water is crucial for their health.
• Diet: A balanced diet rich in nutrients contributes to their overall well-being and longevity.
• Tank Size: Providing adequate space helps reduce stress and territorial disputes.
• Tank Mates: Compatible tank mates can minimize stress and aggression.
• Genetics: Healthy breeding stock can influence the lifespan of angelfish.

Final Thoughts

Angelfish are enchanting creatures that can bring life and color to your aquarium. By understanding their needs and behaviors, you can create a thriving environment that not only supports their health but also enhances your aquatic experience. Whether you’re a seasoned aquarist or just starting, angelfish are a rewarding choice for any fish enthusiast. Read more fish related articles in our dedicated section and welcome to leave your comments!